Peckoltia
Peckoltia is a basal genus within the tribe Ancistrini of the subfamily Hypostominae. This genus is paraphyletic. At this point, many undescribed species remain. Many of the possibly undescribed species have an identification through the L-number system.Peckoltia species can be distinguished from most other in the genera in the tribe Ancistrini by having a lateral ridge on the opercle that usually has no odontodes and the teeth on their upper jaw (dentary) forming an angle under 90 degrees; while some genera also have an angled dentary, Peckoltia species lack synapomorphies of these genera. This genus and the closely related Hemiancistrus may be synonymous, as neither genus is supported by synapomorphies. Generally, Peckoltia are considered to be those that have dorsal saddles and bands in the fins, while Heminancistrus have spots and uniform coloration. This genus is also similar to Hypancistrus and Panaque except for differences in teeth. Teeth on both jaws are the same size as opposed to different sizes, which is different from Hypancistrus where the upper jaw teeth are larger. Also, the teeth are villiform (brush-shaped) rather than spoon-shaped, in contrast to the Panaque.The classification of some of the species in this genus has been confused. P. bachi is the senior synonym of P. arenaria, P. filicaudata, and P. ucayalensis. This species is quite divergent and may even represent a separate genus; this group has been described twice as such, under the synonyms Peckoltichthys and Sophiancistrus. P. yaravi has been moved to Neblinichthys. P. sabaji was arbitrarily placed in this genus (as opposed to Heminacistrus), but may even represent its own genus; later, it has been placed in Hemiancistrus.
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